🚨 Waging or Attempting to Wage War against Government of India (S.147)

Offence: Whoever wages war, or attempts to wage war, or abets the waging of war against the Government of India.

Punishment: Death, or Imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

🚨 Conspiracy to commit offences against State (S.148)

Offence: Whoever within or without India conspires to commit any of the offences in S.147 (waging war etc.) or to overawe by criminal force the Central or State Government.

Punishment: Imprisonment for life or up to 10 years, and fine.

🚨 Collecting Arms etc. with intention of waging war (S.149)

Collecting arms, ammunition, or war-stores, or associates with persons who have collected them with intent to wage war.

Punishment: Imprisonment for life or up to 10 years, and fine.

📢 Sedition-type Offence (Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity) (S.152)

Important: The colonial sedition law (S.124A IPC) has been replaced. BNS S.152 covers acts that knowingly or purposely by words, signs, or visible representation, or by any other means of communication, or by use of financial means, excite or attempt to excite secession, armed rebellion, subversive activities, or encourage feelings of separatist activities.

Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment up to 7 years, and fine.

🏳️ Assaulting President, Governor etc. (S.150)

Whoever commits any act which subverts or attempts to subvert the constitutional government of any State, or of India.

Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life, and fine.

👥 Unlawful Assembly (S.189)

Definition: An assembly of five or more persons is designated as "unlawful assembly" if the common object of the persons composing that assembly is:

• To overawe by criminal force any Central/State Government or Parliament or Legislature or public servant
• To resist the execution of any law or legal process
• To commit mischief, criminal trespass, or other offences
• By criminal force or show thereof to compel any person to do an illegal act
• To enforce any right or supposed right by criminal force or show thereof

Punishment (S.189(3)): Imprisonment up to 6 months, or fine, or both.

🔥 Rioting (S.191)

Definition: Whenever force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly (or any member thereof) in prosecution of the common object of such assembly, every member of such assembly is guilty of the offence of rioting.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

🔫 Rioting, armed with deadly weapon (S.192)

Rioting where members are armed with deadly weapons or things used as weapons of offence.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

📢 Promoting Enmity / Prejudicial to National Integration (S.196)

Words, signs, or representations that promote enmity between groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, caste, community, or any other ground; or prejudicial to national integration.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both; if done in place of worship: up to 5 years and fine.

🎭 Imputations prejudicial to national integration (S.197)

Assertions, counsels, pleas or appeals on the basis of religion, race, language, caste, or community which result in national disintegration.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

🏛️ Public Servant Framing Incorrect Document (S.227)

A public servant who frames an incorrect record or writing in contravention of law, with intent to cause injury to any person.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

🏛️ Public Servant disobeying law with intent to cause injury (S.202)

A public servant who knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending to cause or knowing it to be likely to cause injury to any person.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

⚖️ Public Servant unlawfully engaging in trade (S.206)

Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

🔒 Wrongful confinement by public servant (S.211)

A public servant who keeps a person in confinement knowing that he is not authorised by law to do so.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years plus fine, or fine alone.

🔍 Resistance to taking of property by lawful authority (S.221)

Resisting seizure or taking away of property by a person lawfully authorised to seize the same.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months, or fine, or both.

💀 Culpable Homicide (S.100)

Definition: Whoever causes death by doing an act with:

• Intention of causing death, or
• Intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or
• Knowledge that the act is likely to cause death

Punishment (not amounting to murder) (S.105):

• Where act causing death done with intention: RI up to 10 years + fine
• Where act done with knowledge: imprisonment up to 10 years, or fine, or both

🔪 Murder (S.101)

Culpable homicide IS Murder if:

1. Done with intention of causing death, OR
2. Done with intention of causing bodily injury and the injury intended is sufficient to cause death in ordinary nature, OR
3. Done with knowledge that the act is imminently dangerous and is likely to cause death

Exceptions to Murder (which reduce it to Culpable Homicide):

• Grave and sudden provocation
• Exceeding right of private defence
• Public servant exceeding powers
• Sudden fight without premeditation
• Consent of person of sound mind above 18 years (mercy killing-type)

Punishment (S.103): Death or Imprisonment for Life + fine.

🚗 Causing Death by Negligence (S.106)

Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years + fine.

S.106(2) – NEW: Hit and Run: Whoever causes death by rash and negligent driving of a vehicle and escapes without reporting to police or a magistrate → RI up to 10 years + fine.

🤕 Hurt (S.114) and Grievous Hurt (S.115)

Hurt (S.114): Whoever causes bodily pain, disease, or infirmity to any person.

Punishment for Voluntarily Causing Hurt: Imprisonment up to 1 year, or fine up to ₹10,000, or both.

Grievous Hurt (S.114): Eight specific categories:

1. Emasculation
2. Permanent privation of sight of either eye
3. Permanent privation of hearing of either ear
4. Privation of any member or joint
5. Destruction or permanent impairing of powers of any member or joint
6. Permanent disfiguration of the head or face
7. Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth
8. Any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be in severe bodily pain for 20 days

Punishment for Voluntarily Causing Grievous Hurt (S.115): Imprisonment up to 7 years + fine.

😤 Assault & Criminal Force (S.130–S.131)

Assault (S.131): Whoever makes any gesture or preparation intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that criminal force is about to be used.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 months, or fine up to ₹1,000, or both.

Criminal Force (S.130): Whoever intentionally uses force on any person without consent and against his will, or with intent to commit an offence.

🔗 Wrongful Restraint & Confinement (S.126–S.127)

Wrongful Restraint (S.126): Voluntarily obstructing any person so as to prevent them from proceeding in any direction in which they have a right to proceed.

Punishment: SI up to 1 month, or fine up to ₹5,000, or both.

Wrongful Confinement (S.127): Restraining any person in such a manner as to prevent them from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits.

Punishment: SI up to 1 year, or fine up to ₹5,000, or both.

👶 Kidnapping & Abduction (S.136–S.140)

Kidnapping (S.136):

• From India (S.137): Conveying any person beyond the limits of India without consent of that person or legal guardian
• From lawful guardianship (S.137): Taking or enticing any minor under 16 (male) or 18 (female), or any person of unsound mind, out of keeping of lawful guardian without consent

Abduction (S.138): Whoever by force compels, or by any deceitful means induces, any person to go from any place.

Punishment (Kidnapping or abducting with intent to murder, S.139): Death or RI for life or RI up to 10 years + fine.

👶 Trafficking of Persons (S.143)

Offence: Whoever, for purpose of exploitation, recruits, harbours, transports, transfers, or receives a person by using threats, force, coercion, deception, or by giving benefits.

Punishment: RI from 7 years up to 10 years + fine. For trafficking of minor: RI from 10 years up to RI for life + fine.

👩 Rape (S.63)

Definition: A man is said to commit rape who has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the seven descriptions:

1. Against her will
2. Without her consent
3. With consent obtained by putting her in fear of death or hurt
4. Consent given when she was made to believe he was her husband
5. Consent when woman is of unsound mind, or intoxicated
6. Woman under 18 years of age (even with consent)
7. When she is unable to communicate consent

Punishment (S.64): RI not less than 10 years, may extend to RI for life + fine.

Gang Rape (S.70): RI not less than 20 years up to RI for life + fine.

Rape of a child (S.65): RI not less than 20 years up to RI for life or death.

🔥 Acid Attack (S.124)

Whoever throws or administers acid on any person or attempts to throw acid.

Punishment: RI not less than 10 years up to RI for life + fine (min ₹10 lakh payable to victim for medical expenses).

📰 Sexual Harassment (S.75)

Unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Includes demand or request for sexual favours, showing pornography, making sexually coloured remarks.

Punishment: RI up to 3 years, or fine, or both (serious cases); up to 1 year or fine (other cases).

👁️ Voyeurism (S.76)

Watching or capturing image of a woman engaging in private act without consent.

Punishment: 1st offence: RI from 1 to 3 years + fine; subsequent offences: RI from 3 to 7 years + fine.

🏃 Stalking (S.77)

Following, contacting, or attempting to contact a woman despite disinterest, or monitoring online activity.

Punishment: 1st offence: RI up to 3 years + fine; subsequent offences: RI up to 5 years + fine.

💔 Cruelty by Husband or Relatives (S.85–S.86)

S.85: Whoever being the husband or relative of the husband of a woman, subjects her to cruelty (harassment for dowry demand or conduct causing injury).

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years + fine.

💀 Dowry Death (S.80)

Where death of a woman is caused within 7 years of marriage by burns, bodily injury, or abnormal circumstances, and it is shown that she was subjected to cruelty or harassment in connection with dowry demands.

Punishment: RI not less than 7 years up to RI for life.

🛍️ Theft (S.303)

Essential Ingredients:

1. Dishonest intention to take property
2. The property must be moveable
3. Property must be taken out of possession of another person
4. Must be taken without that person's consent
5. Moving of the property is essential (however slight)

Punishment (S.303(2)): Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

💰 Extortion (S.308)

Definition: Whoever intentionally puts any person in fear of any injury to that person, or to any other person, and thereby dishonestly induces the person so put in fear to deliver any property or document.

Punishment (S.308(2)): Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

🗡️ Robbery (S.309)

Robbery = Theft + Force/Fear

In all robbery there is either theft or extortion. Theft becomes robbery when, to commit theft or carrying away/attempting to carry away the stolen property, the offender voluntarily causes or attempts to cause death, hurt, or wrongful restraint, or puts in fear of such.

Punishment: RI up to 10 years + fine; if on highway between sunset and sunrise: up to 14 years.

👥 Dacoity (S.310)

When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit robbery, or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit robbery, and persons present and aiding such commission or attempt, amount to five or more.

Punishment (S.310(2)): RI for life or RI up to 10 years + fine.

💼 Criminal Misappropriation (S.314)

Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use any moveable property.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

🤝 Criminal Breach of Trust (CBT) (S.316)

Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any law or direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged.

Punishment (S.316(2)): Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both, or both.

Aggravated CBT by carrier, wharfinger or warehouse keeper (S.317): RI up to 7 years + fine.

Aggravated CBT by clerk or servant (S.317): RI up to 7 years + fine.

Aggravated CBT by public servant, banker, merchant, agent (S.318): RI up to 10 years + fine (no maximum for life implied).

🎭 Cheating (S.318)

Ingredients:

1. Deceiving any person
2. By such deception, fraudulently/dishonestly inducing that person to deliver property or to do/omit something they would not otherwise do

Punishment (S.318(2)): Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

Cheating by impersonation (S.319): Same punishment.

Cheating and thereby dishonestly inducing delivery of property (S.318(3)): RI up to 7 years + fine.

💥 Mischief (S.324)

Whoever with intent to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, wrongful loss or damage to the public or to any person, causes the destruction of any property, or any such change as destroys or diminishes its value or utility.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 months, or fine, or both.

Aggravated mischief on railway, public road, bridge etc.: RI up to 5 years + fine.

🏠 Criminal Trespass & House Trespass (S.329–S.334)

Criminal Trespass (S.329): Entering into or upon property in possession of another with intent to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 months, or fine up to ₹5,000, or both.

House Trespass (S.330): Criminal trespass by entering into or remaining in any building, tent, or vessel used as human dwelling, or any building used as place of worship or for custody of property.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year, or fine up to ₹10,000, or both.

Lurking House Trespass (S.331): Concealing oneself before entering or taking precautions to conceal the house trespass.

House Breaking (S.331): Using or threatening force at time of entry or exit, or by crawling through openings, climbing, using a key wrongfully obtained, or using false key.

Punishment for House Breaking by night: RI up to 3 years + fine.

📄 Forgery (S.335)

Definition: Whoever makes any false document or false electronic record or part of a document or electronic record with intent to cause damage or injury, or to support any claim, title, or cause any person to part with property, or to commit fraud, or enter into any express or implied contract.

Punishment (S.336): Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

Forgery of a valuable security, will, etc. (S.338): RI up to 7 years + fine.

Forgery for purpose of cheating (S.340): RI up to 7 years + fine.

Forgery for purpose of harming reputation (S.341): RI up to 3 years + fine.

📋 Using as Genuine a Forged Document (S.343)

Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine any document or electronic record which he knows or has reason to believe to be a forged document or electronic record.

Punishment: Same as for forgery of that document.

🖨️ Counterfeiting (S.178–S.188)

Counterfeiting coin, government stamps, or currency notes is punishable under specific sections. Making, buying, or selling counterfeit coin: RI up to 10 years + fine. Counterfeiting government stamp: RI up to 7 years + fine.

🔖 Property Mark Offences (S.345–S.349)

Fraudulent use of trade mark/property mark, counterfeiting property marks, making or possessing instruments for counterfeiting.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1-3 years, or fine, or both (depending on gravity).

💍 Bigamy (S.82)

Whoever, having a husband or wife living, marries in any case in which such marriage is void by reason of its taking place during the life of such husband or wife.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years + fine.

💔 Matrimonial Cruelty (S.85)

Cruelty by husband or relatives includes:

• Any willful conduct likely to drive the woman to commit suicide, or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb, or health
• Harassment with a view to coerce her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years + fine.

💀 Dowry Death (S.80)

Death of a woman within 7 years of marriage caused by burns, bodily injury, or abnormal circumstances while subjected to dowry-related cruelty.

Punishment: RI not less than 7 years up to RI for life.

Courts shall presume it was dowry death if the ingredients are made out (presumption under Evidence law).

👶 Child Marriage Offences

Under BNS, sexual intercourse with wife below 18 years is rape (S.63 Exception 2 proviso). The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act operates independently. BNS provisions on kidnapping of minors (S.137) and trafficking of children (S.143) are also relevant.

📰 Word, Gesture or Act Intended to Insult the Modesty of a Woman (S.79)

Using obscene gestures, intrusions upon the privacy of a woman in situations involving nudity, or assault on or criminal force against woman with intent to outrage modesty.

Punishment: RI up to 1 year, or fine, or both.

📋 Concealing birth by secret disposal of dead body (S.93)

Whoever, by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of the dead body of a child, intends to conceal or endeavours to conceal the birth of that child.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

📢 Defamation (S.356)

Definition: Making or publishing any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe it will harm, the reputation of such person.

Forms: By words (spoken or intended to be read), signs, or visible representations.

Punishment: SI up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

Exceptions (No defamation):

1. Truth for public good
2. Opinion on public conduct of a public servant in discharge of his duties
3. Opinion on conduct of person in a public question
4. Comment on court proceedings accurately reported
5. Censure by authority over person
6. Accusation in good faith to authorised person
7. Imputation in good faith to protect interests of maker or others
8. Warning in good faith
9. Fair criticism of published literary/artistic works
10. Comment on public performance at public gathering

⚡ Criminal Intimidation (S.351)

Threatening any person with injury to his person, reputation, or property, or to the person, reputation, or property of any person in whom that person is interested, with intent to cause alarm or to cause that person to do or to omit to do any act which that person is not legally bound to do.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

If threat is to cause death or grievous hurt: RI up to 7 years + fine.

😤 Intentional Insult to Provoke Breach of Peace (S.352)

Intentional insult intended to provoke any person to break the public peace, or likely to lead to such.

Punishment: SI up to 2 years, or fine, or both.

🔊 Statements Conducing to Public Mischief (S.197(1)(c))

Making, publishing, or circulating any statement, rumour, or report with intent to cause alarm, or to incite any class to commit offence.

Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine, or both.

🕵️ Organised Crime (S.111) – NEW in BNS

Definition: Any continuing unlawful activity including kidnapping for ransom, murder, extortion, land grabbing, financial scams, cybercrime, trafficking, supply of contraband, or use of violence or threat of violence by a person singly or jointly, either as a member of an organised crime syndicate or on behalf of such syndicate, using violence, threats, intimidation, coercion, or other unlawful means to obtain material benefits, financial or otherwise.

Punishment (S.111(1)): Death or RI for life + fine not less than ₹10 lakh.

Punishment (if no one dies): RI not less than 5 years up to RI for life + fine not less than ₹5 lakh.

💣 Terrorist Act (S.113) – NEW in BNS

Definition: Whoever with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, sovereignty, security, or economic security of India, or to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people of India or any part of India does any act using bombs, dynamite, other explosive substances, inflammable substances, firearms, other lethal weapons, poisons, noxious gases, chemicals, or other substances of a hazardous nature, causing death, injury, or damage to property.

Punishment: Death or RI for life + fine (if death results). RI not less than 5 years up to RI for life + fine (other cases).

🌐 Petty Organised Crime (S.112) – NEW in BNS

Acts carried out by a group of two or more persons including theft, snatching, cheating, unauthorised selling of tickets, illegal hawking, causing damage to property, etc.

Punishment: RI from 1 year up to 7 years + fine.